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[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management, 2018: In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs. During these fieldwork periods, permanent datum points were established over an area of the hillside that probably contained the whole site. Some 184 daga floors were plotted and recorded photogrammetrically, and 36 were excavated as individual units. One half of the pit in the Bheje area was also excavated. Amafa Pietermaritzburg holds 40 large cardboard boxes of artefacts excavated in 1974 and 1975. This material includes thousands of fragments of diagnostic and adiagnostic pottery sherds; also, some beads; and a small quantity of fragments of adiagnostic teeth and bones. The KwaZulu-Natal Museum houses most of the Parkington and Cronin material from these excavations. The FHYA arranged this material into 1974 and 1975 ‘subseries’ in which ‘files’ containing digital ‘items’ which consist of the boxes and their contents.]

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management, 2018: In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs. During these fieldwork periods, permanent datum points were established over an area of the hillside that probably contained the whole site. Some 184 daga floors were plotted and recorded photogrammetrically, and 36 were excavated as individual units. One half of the pit in the Bheje area was also excavated. Amafa Pietermaritzburg holds 40 large cardboard boxes of artefacts excavated in 1974 and 1975. This material includes thousands of fragments of diagnostic and adiagnostic pottery sherds; also, some beads; and a small quantity of fragments of adiagnostic teeth and bones. The KwaZulu-Natal Museum houses most of the Parkington and Cronin material from these excavations. The FHYA arranged this material into 1974 and 1975 ‘subseries’ in which ‘files’ containing digital ‘items’ which consist of the boxes and their contents.]

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management, 2018: In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs. During these fieldwork periods, permanent datum points were established over an area of the hillside that probably contained the whole site. Some 184 daga floors were plotted and recorded photogrammetrically, and 36 were excavated as individual units. One half of the pit in the Bheje area was also excavated. Amafa Pietermaritzburg holds 40 large cardboard boxes of artefacts excavated in 1974 and 1975. This material includes thousands of fragments of diagnostic and adiagnostic pottery sherds; also, some beads; and a small quantity of fragments of adiagnostic teeth and bones. The KwaZulu-Natal Museum houses most of the Parkington and Cronin material from these excavations. The FHYA arranged this material into 1974 and 1975 ‘subseries’ in which ‘files’ containing digital ‘items’ which consist of the boxes and their contents.]

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2018, using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management and material provided through personal communication with Gavin Whitelaw: In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs. The excavations included clay floors in the isigodlo area, part of the isigodlo midden, hut floors from the Bheje, and hut floors associated with the warrior quarters. During these fieldwork periods, permanent datum points were established over an area of the hillside. 184 daga floors were plotted and recorded photogrammetrically, and 36 daga floors were excavated as individual units. One half of the pit in the Bheje area was also excavated. The material from the excavations is housed with Martin Hall’s material from his 1975 excavation at the KwaZulu-Natal Musuem as a result of a curatorial decision on the part of the museum. eThembeni was tasked with photographing the contents of a randomly chosen single sorting tray for each type of undiagnostic and diagnostic material, and for each field season. The FHYA has not endeavoured to check precisely how eThembeni interpreted this specification. The FHYA arranged this material external to the Hall material into a Parkington and Cronin series, in which a 1974-1975 subseries containing ‘files’ sits. These files contain digital ‘items’ which consist of the boxes and their contents.]

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2018, using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management and material provided through personal communication with Gavin Whitelaw: In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs.The excavations included clay floors in the isigodlo area, part of the isigodlo midden, hut floors from the Bheje, and hut floors associated with the warrior quarters. During these fieldwork periods, permanent datum points were established over an area of the hillside. 184 daga floors were plotted and recorded photogrammetrically, and 36 daga floors were excavated as individual units. One half of the pit in the Bheje area was also excavated. The material from the excavations is housed with Martin Hall’s material from his 1975 excavation at the KwaZulu-Natal Musuem as a result of a curatorial decision on the part of the museum. eThembeni was tasked with photographing the contents of a randomly chosen single sorting tray for each type of undiagnostic and diagnostic material, and for each field season. The FHYA has not endeavoured to check precisely how eThembeni interpreted this specification. The FHYA arranged this material external to the Hall material into a Parkington and Cronin series, in which a 1974-1975 subseries containing ‘files’ sits. These files contain digital ‘items’ which consist of the boxes and their contents.]

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management, 2018: The Five Hundred Year Archive aims to research and lead enquiries into aspects of the southern African past, in the periods predating the existence of European imperial and colonial archives. The uMgungundlovu site (meaning ‘The secret conclave of the elephant ‘) served as the capital of the Zulu Kingdom between 1829 and 1839. When Dingane kaSenzangakhona succeeded Shaka to the Zulu Kingship in 1828 he followed his predecessor’s custom of building a number of large military amakhanda in the heart of the kingdom. Located within the eMakhosini uMgungundlovu was the largest of these amakhanda. Fully established by 1829, it served as the royal residence of Dingane and his isigodlo, his principal advisors and a large garrison of his favoured regiments. Umgungundlovu is the best preserved of all the capital amakhanda established during the height of the Zulu Kingdom. As an archaeological archive it has, and can still, shed light on both the physical layout and the social dynamics of 19th Century aristocratic society. The FHYA appointed the eThembeni Cultural Heritage to compile a comprehensive database relating to the uMgungundlovu archaeological site, including collating descriptions of collections in curation; associated and peripheral materials such as museum documentation, accession information, registers, individual items; and historical notes pertaining to the site. The FHYA selection from the Archaeological Collections at the Amafa/Heritage KwaZulu Natali provincial heritage conservation agency consists of material identified by eThembeni Cultural Heritage as having been excavated at uMgungundlovu. Specifically, this material has been excavated by John Parkington, Mike Cronin, Oliver Davies, Rob Rawlinson, and Frans Roodt. The FHYA arranged this material into ‘series’ which are named after the primary excavator, and then into further ‘subseries’ which are named after the year in which the material was accessioned. Within these ‘subseries’ are ‘files’ containing digital ‘items’ which consist of collection boxes and their contents.]